Independence in Spanish America
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Argentina
The independence process began in 1810 with the creation of a junta in Buenos Aires. National independence was declared in 1816.

Bolivia
Formerly known as Upper Peru. In 1809 a revolutionary uprising in Chuquisaca was put down. Fighting against Spanish forces lasted until 1825.

Chile
A junta was formed in Santiago in 1810 but Chile was retaken by the Spanish in 1814. Independence was sealed in 1818.

Colombia
The Comunero Revolt of 1781 was supressed. In 1810 a junta was formed in Bogotá and the struggle for independence continued. The Republic of Greater Colombia was formed in 1819 and included Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador. The union split in 1830.

Costa Rica
Independence from Spain in 1821. Part of the United States of Central America until full independence in 1838.

Cuba
In 1898 Spain relinquished Cuba to the United States. Cuba secured its independence in 1902.

Dominican Republic
Declared independence in 1821 but was invaded by Haiti only weeks later and occupied until 1844. Haitian attacks meant that the Dominican Republic returned to the Spanish Empire between 1861 and 1865.

Ecuador
A junta was formed in Quito in 1809 but the rebellion was crushed in 1812. Following independence from Spain in 1822, Ecuador became part of the Republic of Greater Colombia. It withdrew from the union in 1830.

El Salvador
Independence in 1821. Part of the United Provinces of Central America until the region broke away in 1838. Named El Salvador in 1844.

Guatemala
Independence in 1821. Part of the United Provinces of Central America, a federation formed in 1821 that also included El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua and dissolved in 1838.

Honduras
Independence in 1821. Honduras seceded from the United Provinces of Central America in 1838.

Mexico
War for independence began in 1810. Independence was won in 1821.

Nicaragua
Independence in 1821. Nicaragua seceded from the United Provinces of Central America in 1838.

Panama
Independence from Spain in 1821 and then became part of the Republic of Greater Colombia. Became an independent nation in 1903.

Paraguay
Independence from Spain in 1811.

Peru
The Túpac Amaru uprising in 1780 was suppressed. Independence declared in 1821.

Uruguay
Occupied by the Portuguese and then the newly independent Brazil from 1816. Becomes an independent nation in 1828.

Venezuela
In 1806 Francisco de Miranda launched an unsuccessful attempt to free Venezuela. Revolutionary struggle began again in 1810 but Spanish authority was restored until 1821. Venezuela seceded from the Republic of Greater Colombia in 1829.

The origins of the independence movement in Spanish America
--BritishLibrary.uk--


During the colonial period some sectors of the Creole population (Spanish descendents born in the Americas) became increasingly frustrated by Spanish rule. Their discontent grew out of the belief that local ambition and prosperity were stifled by colonial administrative, tax and trade policy and the superior status conferred to Spanish-born residents. Another grievance was the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767 by the Spanish Crown in order to secure its power in the colonies.

The occupation of Spain by Napoleon in 1808 paved the way for the independence of the Spanish American territories. The constitutional crisis in Spain caused by the imprisonment of Fernando VII in France and the imposition of Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne created an opportunity for the Creoles to proclaim their independence from Spain. Widespread revolts and civil war broke out across the region and juntas (local governing bodies) took matters into their own hands. Fernando VII returned to the Spanish throne in 1814 and initiated a ‘reconquest’ of the Spanish American colonies but the resolution of the crisis came too late to stem the tide of rebellion.

List of noted U.S. involvement in regime changes of foreign nations courtesy of - wiki -


Iran 1953
Guatemala 1954
Cuba 1959-
Turkey 1960
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1960
Iraq 1963
Brazil 1964
Iraq 1968
Chile 1973
Afghanistan 1973-74
Argentina 1976
Afghanistan 1978-1980s
Iran 1980
Turkey 1980
Nicaragua 1981-1990
Republic of Ghana
Iraq 1992-1995
Guatemala 1993
Zimbabwe 2000s
Serbia 2000
Venezuela 2002
Georgia, 2003
Ukraine, 2004
Equatorial Guinea 2004
Lebanon 2005
Palestinian Authority, 2006-Present
Somalia 2006-2007
Venezuela 2007
Iran 2001-present

Pan-American Highway

Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor) -wiki-, was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented in 1975 by the governments of the Southern Cone of South America. The program aimed to eradicate socialist/communist influence and ideas and to control active or potential opposition movements against the governments. Due to its clandestine nature, the precise number of deaths directly attributable to Operation Condor will likely never be known, but it is reported to have caused over sixty thousand victims, possibly even more. Condor's key members were the governments in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil, with Ecuador and Peru joining later in more peripheral roles.

CIA documents show that the CIA had close contact with members of the Chilean secret police, DINA, and its chief Manuel Contreras.[citation needed] Some have alleged that the CIA's one-time payment to Contreras is proof that the U.S. approved of Operation Condor and military repression within Chile. The CIA's official documents state that at one time some members of the intelligence community recommended making Contreras into a paid contact because of his closeness to Pinochet; the plan was rejected based on Contreras' poor human rights record, but the single payment was made due to miscommunication.

A 1978 cable from the US ambassador to Paraguay, Robert White, to the Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, was published on March 6, 2001 by the New York Times. The document was released in November 2000 by the Clinton administration under the Chile Declassification Project. In the cable Ambassador White reported a conversation with General Alejandro Fretes Davalos, chief of staff of Paraguay's armed forces, who informed him that the South American intelligence chiefs involved in Condor "[kept] in touch with one another through a U.S. communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone which cover[ed] all of Latin America". According to Davalos, this installation was "employed to co-ordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries". Robert White feared that the US connection to Condor might be publicly revealed at a time when the assassination in the U.S.A. of Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier and his American assistant Ronni Moffitt was being investigated. White cabled that "it would seem advisable to review this arrangement to insure that its continuation is in US interest."