Charter 08
Translated from the Chinese by Perry Link The document below, signed by over three hundred prominent Chinese citizens,
was conceived and written in conscious admiration of the founding of Charter
77 in Czechoslovakia, where, in January 1977, more than two hundred Czech
and Slovak intellectuals formed a loose, informal, and open association of
people... united by the will to strive individually and collectively for
respect for human and civil rights in our country and throughout the world.
The Chinese document calls not for ameliorative reform of the current
political system but for an end to some of its essential features, including
one-party rule, and their replacement with a system based on human rights
and democracy.
The prominent citizens who have signed the document are from both outside
and inside the government, and include not only well-known dissidents and
intellectuals, but also middle-level officials and rural leaders. They have
chosen December 10, the anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, as the day on which to express their political ideas and to outline
their vision of a constitutional, democratic China. They intend "Charter 08"
to serve as a blueprint for fundamental political change in China in the
years to come. The signers of the document will form an informal group,
open-ended in size but united by a determination to promote democratization
and protection of human rights in China and beyond.
On December 8 two prominent signers of the Charter, Zhang Zuhua and Liu
Xiaobo, were detained by the police. Zhang Zuhua has since been released; as
of December 9, Liu Xiabo remains in custody.
I. Foreword
A hundred years have passed since the writing of China's first constitution.
2008 also marks the sixtieth anniversary of the promulgation of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the thirtieth anniversary of the
appearance of Democracy Wall in Beijing, and the tenth of China's signing of
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. We are approaching
the twentieth anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen massacre of pro-democracy
student protesters. The Chinese people, who have endured human rights
disasters and uncountable struggles across these same years, now include
many who see clearly that freedom, equality, and human rights are universal
values of humankind and that democracy and constitutional government are the
fundamental framework for protecting these values.
By departing from these values, the Chinese government's approach to
"modernization" has proven disastrous. It has stripped people of their
rights, destroyed their dignity, and corrupted normal human intercourse. So
we ask: Where is China headed in the twenty-first century? Will it continue
with "modernization" under authoritarian rule, or will it embrace universal
human values, join the mainstream of civilized nations, and build a
democratic system? There can be no avoiding these questions.
The shock of the Western impact upon China in the nineteenth century laid
bare a decadent authoritarian system and marked the beginning of what is
often called "the greatest changes in thousands of years" for China. A
"self-strengthening movement" followed, but this aimed simply at
appropriating the technology to build gunboats and other Western material
objects. China's humiliating naval defeat at the hands of Japan in 1895 only
confirmed the obsolescence of China's system of government. The first
attempts at modern political change came with the ill-fated summer of
reforms in 1898, but these were cruelly crushed by ultraconservatives at
China's imperial court. With the revolution of 1911, which inaugurated
Asia's first republic, the authoritarian imperial system that had lasted for
centuries was finally supposed to have been laid to rest. But social
conflict inside our country and external pressures were to prevent it; China
fell into a patchwork of warlord fiefdoms and the new republic became a
fleeting dream.
The failure of both "self-strengthening" and political renovation caused
many of our forebears to reflect deeply on whether a "cultural illness" was
afflicting our country. This mood gave rise, during the May Fourth Movement
of the late 1910s, to the championing of "science and democracy." Yet that
effort, too, foundered as warlord chaos persisted and the Japanese invasion
[beginning in Manchuria in 1931] brought national crisis.
Victory over Japan in 1945 offered one more chance for China to move toward
modern government, but the Communist defeat of the Nationalists in the civil
war thrust the nation into the abyss of totalitarianism. The "new China"
that emerged in 1949 proclaimed that "the people are sovereign" but in fact
set up a system in which "the Party is all-powerful." The Communist Party of
China seized control of all organs of the state and all political, economic,
and social resources, and, using these, has produced a long trail of human
rights disasters, including, among many others, the Anti-Rightist Campaign
(1957), the Great Leap Forward (1958ˆ1960), the Cultural Revolution
(1966ˆ1969), the June Fourth (Tiananmen Square) Massacre (1989), and the
current repression of all unauthorized religions and the suppression of the
weiquan rights movement [a movement that aims to defend citizens' rights
promulgated in the Chinese Constitution and to fight for human rights
recognized by international conventions that the Chinese government has
signed]. During all this, the Chinese people have paid a gargantuan price.
Tens of millions have lost their lives, and several generations have seen
their freedom, their happiness, and their human dignity cruelly trampled.
During the last two decades of the twentieth century the government policy
of "Reform and Opening" gave the Chinese people relief from the pervasive
poverty and totalitarianism of the Mao Zedong era and brought substantial
increases in the wealth and living standards of many Chinese as well as a
partial restoration of economic freedom and economic rights. Civil society
began to grow, and popular calls for more rights and more political freedom
have grown apace. As the ruling elite itself moved toward private ownership
and the market economy, it began to shift from an outright rejection of
"rights" to a partial acknowledgment of them.
In 1998 the Chinese government signed two important international human
rights conventions; in 2004 it amended its constitution to include the
phrase "respect and protect human rights"; and this year, 2008, it has
promised to promote a "national human rights action plan." Unfortunately
most of this political progress has extended no further than the paper on
which it is written. The political reality, which is plain for anyone to
see, is that China has many laws but no rule of law; it has a constitution
but no constitutional government. The ruling elite continues to cling to its
authoritarian power and fights off any move toward political change.
The stultifying results are endemic official corruption, an undermining of
the rule of law, weak human rights, decay in public ethics, crony
capitalism, growing inequality between the wealthy and the poor, pillage of
the natural environment as well as of the human and historical environments,
and the exacerbation of a long list of social conflicts, especially, in
recent times, a sharpening animosity between officials and ordinary people.
As these conflicts and crises grow ever more intense, and as the ruling
elite continues with impunity to crush and to strip away the rights of
citizens to freedom, to property, and to the pursuit of happiness, we see
the powerless in our society˜the vulnerable groups, the people who have been
suppressed and monitored, who have suffered cruelty and even torture, and
who have had no adequate avenues for their protests, no courts to hear their
pleas˜becoming more militant and raising the possibility of a violent
conflict of disastrous proportions. The decline of the current system has
reached the point where change is no longer optional.
II. Our Fundamental Principles
This is a historic moment for China, and our future hangs in the balance. In
reviewing the political modernization process of the past hundred years or
more, we reiterate and endorse basic universal values as follows:
Freedom. Freedom is at the core of universal human values. Freedom of
speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of association,
freedom in where to live, and the freedoms to strike, to demonstrate, and to
protest, among others, are the forms that freedom takes. Without freedom,
China will always remain far from civilized ideals.
Human rights. Human rights are not bestowed by a state. Every person is born
with inherent rights to dignity and freedom. The government exists for the
protection of the human rights of its citizens. The exercise of state power
must be authorized by the people. The succession of political disasters in
China's recent history is a direct consequence of the ruling regime's
disregard for human rights.
Equality. The integrity, dignity, and freedom of every person˜regardless of
social station, occupation, sex, economic condition, ethnicity, skin color,
religion, or political belief˜are the same as those of any other. Principles
of equality before the law and equality of social, economic, cultural,
civil, and political rights must be upheld.
Republicanism. Republicanism, which holds that power should be balanced
among different branches of government and competing interests should be
served, resembles the traditional Chinese political ideal of "fairness in
all under heaven." It allows different interest groups and social
assemblies, and people with a variety of cultures and beliefs, to exercise
democratic self-government and to deliberate in order to reach peaceful
resolution of public questions on a basis of equal access to government and
free and fair competition.
Democracy. The most fundamental principles of democracy are that the people
are sovereign and the people select their government. Democracy has these
characteristics: (1) Political power begins with the people and the
legitimacy of a regime derives from the people. (2) Political power is
exercised through choices that the people make. (3) The holders of major
official posts in government at all levels are determined through periodic
competitive elections. (4) While honoring the will of the majority, the
fundamental dignity, freedom, and human rights of minorities are protected.
In short, democracy is a modern means for achieving government truly "of the
people, by the people, and for the people."
Constitutional rule. Constitutional rule is rule through a legal system and
legal regulations to implement principles that are spelled out in a
constitution. It means protecting the freedom and the rights of citizens,
limiting and defining the scope of legitimate government power, and
providing the administrative apparatus necessary to serve these ends.
III. What We Advocate
Authoritarianism is in general decline throughout the world; in China, too,
the era of emperors and overlords is on the way out. The time is arriving
everywhere for citizens to be masters of states. For China the path that
leads out of our current predicament is to divest ourselves of the
authoritarian notion of reliance on an "enlightened overlord" or an "honest
official" and to turn instead toward a system of liberties, democracy, and
the rule of law, and toward fostering the consciousness of modern citizens
who see rights as fundamental and participation as a duty. Accordingly, and
in a spirit of this duty as responsible and constructive citizens, we offer
the following recommendations on national governance, citizens' rights, and
social development:
1. A New Constitution. We should recast our present constitution, rescinding
its provisions that contradict the principle that sovereignty resides with
the people and turning it into a document that genuinely guarantees human
rights, authorizes the exercise of public power, and serves as the legal
underpinning of China's democratization. The constitution must be the
highest law in the land, beyond violation by any individual, group, or
political party.
2. Separation of powers. We should construct a modern government in which
the separation of legislative, judicial, and executive power is guaranteed.
We need an Administrative Law that defines the scope of government
responsibility and prevents abuse of administrative power. Government should
be responsible to taxpayers. Division of power between provincial
governments and the central government should adhere to the principle that
central powers are only those specifically granted by the constitution and
all other powers belong to the local governments.
3. Legislative democracy. Members of legislative bodies at all levels should
be chosen by direct election, and legislative democracy should observe just
and impartial principles.
4. An Independent Judiciary. The rule of law must be above the interests of
any particular political party and judges must be independent. We need to
establish a constitutional supreme court and institute procedures for
constitutional review. As soon as possible, we should abolish all of the
Committees on Political and Legal Affairs that now allow Communist Party
officials at every level to decide politically-sensitive cases in advance
and out of court. We should strictly forbid the use of public offices for
private purposes.
5. Public Control of Public Servants. The military should be made answerable
to the national government, not to a political party, and should be made
more professional. Military personnel should swear allegiance to the
constitution and remain nonpartisan. Political party organizations shall be
prohibited in the military. All public officials including police should
serve as nonpartisans, and the current practice of favoring one political
party in the hiring of public servants must end.
6. Guarantee of Human Rights. There shall be strict guarantees of human
rights and respect for human dignity. There should be a Human Rights
Committee, responsible to the highest legislative body, that will prevent
the government from abusing public power in violation of human rights. A
democratic and constitutional China especially must guarantee the personal
freedom of citizens. No one shall suffer illegal arrest, detention,
arraignment, interrogation, or punishment. The system of "Reeducation
through Labor" must be abolished.
7. Election of Public Officials. There shall be a comprehensive system of
democratic elections based on "one person, one vote." The direct election of
administrative heads at the levels of county, city, province, and nation
should be systematically implemented. The rights to hold periodic free
elections and to participate in them as a citizen are inalienable.
8. RuralˆUrban Equality. The two-tier household registry system must be
abolished. This system favors urban residents and harms rural residents. We
should establish instead a system that gives every citizen the same
constitutional rights and the same freedom to choose where to live.
9. Freedom to Form Groups. The right of citizens to form groups must be
guaranteed. The current system for registering nongovernment groups, which
requires a group to be "approved," should be replaced by a system in which a
group simply registers itself. The formation of political parties should be
governed by the constitution and the laws, which means that we must abolish
the special privilege of one party to monopolize power and must guarantee
principles of free and fair competition among political parties.
10. Freedom to Assemble. The constitution provides that peaceful assembly,
demonstration, protest, and freedom of expression are fundamental rights of
a citizen. The ruling party and the government must not be permitted to
subject these to illegal interference or unconstitutional obstruction.
11. Freedom of Expression. We should make freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, and academic freedom universal, thereby guaranteeing that citizens
can be informed and can exercise their right of political supervision. These
freedoms should be upheld by a Press Law that abolishes political
restrictions on the press. The provision in the current Criminal Law that
refers to "the crime of incitement to subvert state power" must be
abolished. We should end the practice of viewing words as crimes.
12. Freedom of Religion. We must guarantee freedom of religion and belief
and institute a separation of religion and state. There must be no
governmental interference in peaceful religious activities. We should
abolish any laws, regulations, or local rules that limit or suppress the
religious freedom of citizens. We should abolish the current system that
requires religious groups (and their places of worship) to get official
approval in advance and substitute for it a system in which registry is
optional and, for those who choose to register, automatic.
13. Civic Education. In our schools we should abolish political curriculums
and examinations that are designed to indoctrinate students in state
ideology and to instill support for the rule of one party. We should replace
them with civic education that advances universal values and citizens'
rights, fosters civic consciousness, and promotes civic virtues that serve
society.
14. Protection of Private Property. We should establish and protect the
right to private property and promote an economic system of free and fair
markets. We should do away with government monopolies in commerce and
industry and guarantee the freedom to start new enterprises. We should
establish a Committee on State-Owned Property, reporting to the national
legislature, that will monitor the transfer of state-owned enterprises to
private ownership in a fair, competitive, and orderly manner. We should
institute a land reform that promotes private ownership of land, guarantees
the right to buy and sell land, and allows the true value of private
property to be adequately reflected in the market.
15. Financial and Tax Reform. We should establish a democratically regulated
and accountable system of public finance that ensures the protection of
taxpayer rights and that operates through legal procedures. We need a system
by which public revenues that belong to a certain level of
government˜central, provincial, county or local˜are controlled at that
level. We need major tax reform that will abolish any unfair taxes, simplify
the tax system, and spread the tax burden fairly. Government officials
should not be able to raise taxes, or institute new ones, without public
deliberation and the approval of a democratic assembly. We should reform the
ownership system in order to encourage competition among a wider variety of
market participants.
16. Social Security. We should establish a fair and adequate social security
system that covers all citizens and ensures basic access to education,
health care, retirement security, and employment.
17. Protection of the Environment. We need to protect the natural
environment and to promote development in a way that is sustainable and
responsible to our descendents and to the rest of humanity. This means
insisting that the state and its officials at all levels not only do what
they must do to achieve these goals, but also accept the supervision and
participation of non-governmental organizations.
18. A Federated Republic. A democratic China should seek to act as a
responsible major power contributing toward peace and development in the
Asian Pacific region by approaching others in a spirit of equality and
fairness. In Hong Kong and Macao, we should support the freedoms that
already exist. With respect to Taiwan, we should declare our commitment to
the principles of freedom and democracy and then, negotiating as equals, and
ready to compromise, seek a formula for peaceful unification. We should
approach disputes in the national-minority areas of China with an open mind,
seeking ways to find a workable framework within which all ethnic and
religious groups can flourish. We should aim ultimately at a federation of
democratic communities of China.
19. Truth in Reconciliation. We should restore the reputations of all
people, including their family members, who suffered political stigma in the
political campaigns of the past or who have been labeled as criminals
because of their thought, speech, or faith. The state should pay reparations
to these people. All political prisoners and prisoners of conscience must be
released. There should be a Truth Investigation Commission charged with
finding the facts about past injustices and atrocities, determining
responsibility for them, upholding justice, and, on these bases, seeking
social reconciliation.
China, as a major nation of the world, as one of five permanent members of
the United Nations Security Council, and as a member of the UN Council on
Human Rights, should be contributing to peace for humankind and progress
toward human rights. Unfortunately, we stand today as the only country among
the major nations that remains mired in authoritarian politics. Our
political system continues to produce human rights disasters and social
crises, thereby not only constricting China's own development but also
limiting the progress of all of human civilization. This must change, truly
it must. The democratization of Chinese politics can be put off no longer.
Accordingly, we dare to put civic spirit into practice by announcing Charter
08. We hope that our fellow citizens who feel a similar sense of crisis,
responsibility, and mission, whether they are inside the government or not,
and regardless of their social status, will set aside small differences to
embrace the broad goals of this citizens' movement. Together we can work for
major changes in Chinese society and for the rapid establishment of a free,
democratic, and constitutional country. We can bring to reality the goals
and ideals that our people have incessantly been seeking for more than a
hundred years, and can bring a brilliant new chapter to Chinese
civilization.
signed by:
Yu Haocheng(Beijing, Jurist)
Zhang Sizhi(Beijing, Lawyer)
Mao Yushi(Beijing, Economist)
(Du Guang(Beijing, Political Scientist)
Li Pu(Beijing, Ex Vice-director Xinhua News Agency)
Liu Shahe( Sichuan, Poet)
Sha Yexin(Shanghai, Dramatist)
Wu Maohua(Sichuan, Writer)
Zhang Xianyang(Beijing, Thinker)
Sun Wenguang( Shandong, Professor)
Bao Tong(Beijing, Citizen)
Ding Zilin(Beijing, Professor)
Zhang Xianling(Beijing, Engineer)
Xu Jue(Beijing, Researcher)
Jiang Peikun( Beijing, Professor)
Liu Xiaobo(Beijing, Writer)
Zhang Zuhua(Beijing, Scholar)
Gao Yu(Beijing, Journalist)
Dai Qing(Beijing, Writer)
Jiang Qisheng(Beijing, Scholar)
Ai Xiaoming(Guangzhou, Professor)
Liu Junning(Beijing, Political Scientist)
Zhang Xukun(Zhejiang, Professor)
Xu Youyu(Beijing, Philosopher)
He Weifang( Beijing, Jurist)
Mo Shaoping(Beijing, Lawyer)
Chen Ziming(Beijing, Scholar)
Zhang Boshu(Beijing, Political Scientist)
Cui Weiping(Beijing, Scholar)
He Guanghu(Beijing, Religion Scholar)
Hao Jian(Beijing, Scholar)
Shen Minhua( Zhejiang, Professor)
Li Datong(Beijing, Journalist)
Su Xianting(Beijing, Art Critic)
Zhang Ming(Beijing, Professor)
Yu Jie(Beijing, Writer)
Yu Shicun(Beijing, Writer)
Qin Geng(Hainan, Writer)
Zhou Duo(Beijing, Scholar)
Pu Zhiqiang(Beijing, Lawyer)
Zhao Dagong(Beijing, Writer)
Yao Lifa( Hubei, Election expert)
Feng Zhenghu(Shanghai, Scholar)
Zhou Qing(Beijing, Writer)
Yang Hengjun(Guangzhou, Writer)
Teng Biao( Beijing, Lecturer)
Jiang Danwen(Shanghai, Writer)
Wei SeTibet, Writer
Ma Bo( Beijing, Writer)
Cha Jianying(Beijing, Writer)
Hu Fayun(Hubei, Writer)
Jiao Guobiao(Beijing, Scholar)
Li Gongming(Guangdong, Professor)
Zhao Hui(Beijing, Critic)
Li Baiguang(Beijing, Lawyer)
Fu Guoyong(Zhejiang, Writer)
Ma Shaofang(Guangdong, Businessman)
Zhang Hong (Shanghai, Professor)
Xia Yeliang(Beijing, Economist)
Ran Yunfei(Sichuan, Scholar)
Liao Yiwu(Sichuan, Writer)
Wang Yi( Sichuan, Scholar)
Wang Xiaoyu(Shanghai, Scholar)
Su Yuanzhen(Zhejiang, Professor)
Qiang Jianzhong(Nanjing, Senior Journalist)
Ouyang Xiaorong(Yunnan, Poet)
Liu Di(Beijing, Self-empolyed)
Zan Aizong(Zhejiang, Journalist)
Zhou Hongling(Beijing, Social Activist)
( ) Feng Gang (Zhejiang, Professor)
Chen Lin( Guangzhou, Scholar)
Yin Xian(Gansu, Poet)
Zhou Ming(Zhejiang, Professor)
Ling Cangzhou(Beijing, Journalist)
Tie Liu(Beijing, Writer)
Chen Fengxiao (Shandong, Rightist )
Yao Bo( Beijing, Critic)
Zhang Jinjun(Guangdong, Professional manager)
Li Jianhong( Shanghai, Writer)
Zhang Shanguang(Hunan, Human rights Defender)
Li Deming(Hunan Media Worker)
Liu Jianan (Hunan, Teacher)
Wang Xiaoshan(Beijing, Media worker)
Fan Yafeng(Beijing, Scholar)
Zhou Mingchu( Zhejiang, Professor)
Liang Xiaoyan(Beijing, Enviromental Volunteer)
Xu Xiao(Beijing, Writer)
Chen Xi(Guizhou, Human rights Defender)
Zhao Cheng(Shanxi, Scholar)
Li Yuanlong(Guizhou, Freelance Writer)
Shen Youlian(Guizhou, Human rights Defender)
Jiang Suimin(Beijing, Engineer)
Lu Zhongming(Shanxi, Scholar)
Meng Huang(Beijing, Painter)
Lin Fuwu(Fujian, Human rights Defender)
Liao Shuangyuan(Guizhou, Human rights Defender)
Lu Xuesong(Jilin, Teacher)
Guo Yushan( Beijing, Scholar)
Chen Huanhui(Fujian, Human rights Defender)
Zhu Jiuhu(Beijing, Lawyer)
Jin GuangHong(Beijing, Lawyer)
Gao Chaoqun(Beijing, Editor)
Bai Feng(Jilin, Poet)
Zheng Xuguang(Beijing, Scholar)
Zeng Jinyan(Beijing, Rights Defender)
Wu Yuqin(Guizhou, Human rights Defender)
Du Yilong(Shanxi, Writer)
Li Hai(Beijing, Human Rights Defender)
Zhang Hui(Shanxi, Democratic Activist)
Jiangshan( Guangdong, Rights Defender)
Xu Guoqing(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
Wu Yu(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
Zhang Mingzhen(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
Zeng Ning(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
Quan Linzhi(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
Ye Hang(Zhejiang, Professor)
Ma YunlongHenan, Scholar
Zhu Jianguo(Guangdong, Writer)
Li Tie( Guangdong, Democratic Activist)
Mo Jiangang(Guizhou, Freelance writer)
Zhang Yaojie(Beijing, Scholar)
Wu Baojian(Zhejiang, Lawyer)
Yang Guang(Guangxi, Scholar)
Yu Meisun( Beijing,Legal worker)
Xing Jian(Beijing, Legal Worker)
Wang Guangze(Beijing, Social Activist)
Chen Shaohua(Guangdong, Designer)
Liu Yiming(Hubei, Freelance Writer)
Wu Zuolai(Beijing, Researcher)
Gao Zhen(Shandong, Artist)
Gao Qiang(Shandong, Artist)
Tang Jingling(Guangzhou, Lawyer)
Li Xiaolong(Guangxi, Rights Defender)
Jing Chu(Guangxi, Freelance Writer)
Li Biao(Anhui, Businessman)
Guo Yan(Guangzhou, Lawyer)
Yang ShiyuanZhejiang, Rightist
Yang Kuanxing(Shandong, Writer)
Li Jinfang(Hebei, Democratic Activist)
Wang Yuwen(Guizhou, Poet)
Yang Zhongyi(Anhui, Worker)
Wu Xinyuan (Hebei, Farmer)
Du Heping(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
Feng Ling(Hubei, Democratic Activist)
Zhang Xianzhong(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
( ) Cai Jingzhong(Guangdong, Farmer)
Wang DianbinHubei, Entrepreneur
( ) Cai Jincai(Guangdong, Farmer)
Gao Aiguo(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
( ) Chen Zhanyao(Guangdong,Farmer)
He Wenkai(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
Wu Dangying(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
( ) Zeng Qingbin(Guangdong,Worker)
Mao Haixiu(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Zhuang DaoheHangzhou, Lawyer
Li Xiongbing (Beijing, Lawyer)
Li Renke(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
Zuo Li (Hebei, Lawyer)
Dong Dez(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
Tao Yuping(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
ITWang Junxiu(Beijing, IT Professional)
Huang Xiaomin(Sichuan, Rights Defender)
Zheng Enchong(Shanghai,Lawyer)
Zhang Junling(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Yang Hai( Shanxi, Scholar)
Ai Furong(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Yang Huaren(Hubei, Legal Worker)
Wei Qin(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Su Zuxiang(Hubei, Teacher)
Shen Yulian(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Guan Hongshan(Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
Song Xianke(Guangdong, Businessman)
Wang Guoqiang(Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
Wang Debang(Beijing, Writer)
Chen Enjuan(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Li Yong(Beijing, Media worker)
Chang Xiongfa(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Wang Jinglong(Beijing, Scholar)
Xu Zhengqing(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Gao Junsheng(Shanxi, Editor)
Zheng Beibei(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Wang Dinghua(Hubei, Lawyer)
Tan Lanying(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Fan Yanqiong(Fujian, Human Rights Defender)
Lin Hui(Zhejiang, Poet)
Wu Huaying(Fujian, Human Rights Defender)
Xue Zhenbiao(Zhejiang, Democratic Activist)
Dong Guoqing(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
Chen Yufeng(Hubei, Legal Worker)
Duan Ruofei(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
Wang Zhongling(Shanxi, Teacher)
Dong Chunhua(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
Chen Xiuqin(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
Gu Chuan(Beijing, Journalist)
Liu Zhengyou(Sichuan, Rights Defender)
Ma Xiao(Beijing, Writer)
Wan Yanhai(Beijing, Public Health Expert)
Shen Peilan Shanghai, Rights Defender
Ye Xiaogang(Zhejiang, retired Lecturer)
Zhang Jingsong(Anhui, Worker)
Zhang Jinfa(Zhejiang, Rightist)
Wang liqing(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Zhao Changqing( Shanxi, Writer)
Jin Yuehua(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Yu Zhangfa(Guangxi, Writer)
Chen Qiyong(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Liu Xianbin(Sichuan, Democratic Activist)
Ouyang Yi (Sichuan, Human Rights Defender)
Deng Huanwu(Chongqing, Businessman)
He Weihua(Hunan, Democratic Activist)
ITLi Dongzhuo(Hunan, IT professional)
Tian Yongde(Inner Mongolia, Human Rights Defender)
Zhi Xiaomin(Shanxi, Scholar)
Li Changyu(Shandong, Teacher)
Zhu Jianguo(Guangdong, Freelance Writer)
Guo Weidong(Zhejiang, Clerk)
Chen Wei(Sichuan, Democratic Activist)
Wang Jinan(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
Cha Wenjun(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
Hou Shuming(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
Liu Hannan(Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
Shi Ruoping(Shandong, Professor)
Zhang renxiang(Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
Ye Du(Guangdong, Editor)
Xia Gang(Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
Zhao Guoliang(Hunan,Democratic Activist)
Li Zhiying(Beijing, Social Activist)
Zhang Chongfa(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
Chen Yongmiao(Beijing, Lawyer)
Jiang Ying(Tianjin, Poet)
Tian Zuxiang(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
Huang Zhijia(Hubei,Public Servant)
Guan Yebo(Hubei, Public Servant)
Wang Wangming(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
Gao Xinrui(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
Song Shuiquan(Hubei, Legal Worker)
Zhao Jingzhou(Heilongjiang, Human Rights Defender)
Wen Kejian(Zhejiang, Scholar)
Wei Wenying(Yunan, Teacher)
Chen Huijuan(Heilongjiang, Human Rights Defender)
Chen Yanxiong(Hubei, Teacher)
Duan Chunfang(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
Liu Zhengshan(Yunnan, Engineer)
Guan Min(Hubei, Lecturer)
Dai Yuanlong(Fujian, Entrepreneur)
Yu Yiwei(Guangdong, Freelance Writer)
) Han Zurong(Fujian, Entrepreneur)
Wang Dingliang( Hubei, Lawyer)
Chen Qinglin(Beijing, Human Rights Defender)
Qian Shishun(Guangdong, Entrepreneur)
Zeng Boyan(Sichuan, Writer)
Ma Yalian(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
Che Hongnian(Shandong, Freelance Writer)
Qin Zhigang(Shandong, Engineer)
Song Xiangfeng(Hubei, Teacher)
Deng Fuhua(Hubei, Writer)
Xu Kang(Hubei, Public servant)
Li Jianqiang( Shandong, Lawyer)
Li Renbing(Beijing, Lawyer)
Qiu Meili(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
) Lan Zhixue(Beijing, Lawyer)
Zhou Jinchang(Zhejiang, Rightist)
Huang YanmingGuizhou, Democratic Activist
Liu Wei(Beijing, Lawyer)
Yan Liehan(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
Chen Defu(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
Guo Yongxin(Hubei, Doctor)
Guo Yongfeng(Guangdong,Rights Defender)
Yuan Xinting(Guangzhou, Editor)
Qi Huimin(Zhejiang, Democratic Activist)
Li Yu(Sichuan, Editor)
Xie Fulin(Hunan, Human Rights Defender)
Xu Guang(Zhejiang, Entrepreneur)
Ye Huo(Guangdong, Freelance Writer)
Zou Wei(Zhejiang, Rights Defender)
Xiao Linbin(Zhejiang, Engineer)
Gao Haibing(Zhejiang, Democratic Activist)
, Tian Qizhuang (Hebei, Writer)
Deng Taiqing(Shanxi, Democratic Activist)
, Pei Hongxin(Hebei, Teacher)
,Xu Min(Jilin, Legal worker)
,Li Xige(Henan, Rights Defender)
, Feng QiuSheng(Guangdong, Farmer)
,Hou Wenbao( Anhui, Rights Defender)
Tang Jitian(Beijing, Lawyer)
Liu Rongchao( Anhui, Farmer)
Li Tianxiang(Henan,worker)
Cui Yuzhen(Hebei, Lawyer)
Xu Maolian(Anhui, Farmer)
Zhai Linhua(Anhui, Teacher)
Tao Xiaoxia(Anhui, Farmer)
Zhang Wang(Fujian, Worker)
Huang Dachuan(Liaoning, Clerk)
Chen Xiaoyuan (Hainan, Clerk)
Zhang Jiankang (Shaanxi, Law worker)
Zhang Xingshui (Beijing, Lawyer)
Ma Gangquan (Beijing, Lawyer)
Wang Jinxiang (Hubei, Rights Defender)
Wang Jiaying (Hubei, Entrepreneur)
Yan Laiyun (Hubei, Entrepreneur)
Li Xiaoming (Hubei, Rights Defender)
Xiao Shuixiang (Hubei, Rights Defender)
Yan Yuxiang (Hubei, Rights Defender)
Liu Yi (Beijing, Painter)
Zhang Zhengxiang (Yunnan, Environmentalist)
