Theory, John Ruskin
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Pathetic Fallacy

He invented this term to describe the ascription of human emotions to impersonal natural forces, as in "the wind sighed".

Fors Clavigera

Ruskin gave this name to a series of letters he wrote to workmen during the 1870s. The phrase was intended to designate three great powers which go to fashion human destiny. These were: Force, symbolised by the club (clava) of Hercules; Fortitude, symbolised by the key (clavis) of Ulysses; and Fortune, symbolised by the nail (clavus) of Lycurgus. These three powers (the "fors") together represent human talents and abilities to choose the right moment and then to strike with energy. The concept is derived from Shakespeare's phrase "There is a tide in the affairs of men/ Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune". Ruskin believed that the letters were inspired by the Third Fors: striking out at the right moment.

Modern Atheism

Ruskin applied this label to the unfortunate persistence of the clergy in teaching children what they cannot understand, and in employing young consecrate persons to assert in pulpits what they do not know.

The Want of England

"England needs," says Ruskin, "examples of people who, leaving Heaven to decide whether they are to rise in the world, decide for themselves that they will be happy in it, and have resolved to seek, not greater wealth, but simpler pleasures; not higher fortune, but deeper felicity; making the first of possessions self-possession, and honouring themselves in the harmless pride and calm pursuits of peace."

Illth

Used by and after Ruskin as the reverse of wealth in the sense of ‘well-being’: Ill-being.

Living wage
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A term used to describe the minimum hourly wage necessary for shelter (housing and incidentals such as clothing and other basic needs) and nutrition for a person for an extended period of time (lifetime). In developed countries such as the United Kingdom or Switzerland, this standard generally means that a person working forty hours a week, with no additional income, should be able to afford a specified quality or quantity of housing, food, utilities, transport, health care, and recreation.

Social liberalism
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The belief that liberalism should include social justice. It differs from classical liberalism in asserting that a liberal state should provide jobs, health care, and education while simultaneously expanding civil rights.

Liberation theology is a Christian theology in which the salvation brought by Jesus Christ is understood in terms of a liberation from unjust political, economic, or social conditions. Infuenced by Marxist social theory, its theologians consider "structural sin" to be a root cause of poverty and oppression, and consider the primary responsibility of the Church to be its "option for the poor". Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement, it began as a movement within the Roman Catholic church in Latin America of the 1950s - 1970s. It arose principally as a moral reaction to widespread poverty caused by social injustice in that region. It had a widespread influence in Latin America, although its influence diminished after liberation theologians using Marxist concepts were admonished by the Catholic church's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in 1984 and 1986.

--Courtesy of the Catholic Encyclopedia--

Karl Menger, the Menger Sponge, and the Institute for Figuring

Intro Courtesy from the Institute For Figuring

"In the 1920’s a young Austrian named Karl Menger extended the work begun by his mathematical predecessor Siepinski. Menger attended a course of lectures by Professor Hans Hahn at the University of Vienna entitled What’s New Concerning the Concept of the Curve; under Hahn’s encouragement he embarked on an exploration of the concept of dimension that him to an expanded definition of this seemingly obvious term. Several years later Menger reported his discovery of a three-dimensional version of Sierpinski’s Carpet, which came to be known as the Menger Sponge. Where the Carpet is poised between a line and a plane, the Sponge hovers of the boundary of the plane and the solid - its fractional dimension is 2.73.

Though it manifestly occupies a volumetric space, the Menger sponge is essentially a linear object – it possesses a topological dimension of 1. Menger proved that it is indeed the universal curve - that is, any possible one-dimensional curve is mathematically identical to some part of its infinitely complex internal morphology. Though the classical Menger sponge is constructed in three-dimensions, it can be embodied in any number of higher dimensions; consequently any geometry of loop quantum gravity can be embedded in a Menger Sponge. Interestingly then, the structure of spacetime may be allied with this foam-like form."

The Menger Sponge is the 20th century adaptation to the 17th century idea of "Spissitude". Henry More described Spissitude as the fourth spacial dimension. In More's view length, breadth, height, and then spissitude would be the unit of measurement for any object.

Spissitude would find a sound scientific basis in the Minkowski Space theory. Hermann Minkowski, using Einstein's theory of special relativity, acknowledged a single dimension of time, which engulfs the the three known dimensions of space; the effect is a "four-dimensional manifold for representing spacetime. Charles H. Hinton coined the word "tesseract". The physical representation of the fourth dimension, the tesseract was linguistically created in addition to kata/ana. Greek in origin, kata means down from and ana means up toward, kata/ana are similar to the theory of vectors and matrices in their nature.

ethics of reciprocity = the golden rule

Testament Deuterocanonical books of Tobit and Sirach accepted as part of the Scriptural canon by Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and the Non-Chalcedonian Churches also expressed as the Silver Rule.

Tobit 4:15 "Do to no one what you yourself dislike."

Sirach 31:15 "Recognize that your neighbor feels as you do, and keep in mind your own dislikes."

Gospel

Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets. (mathew 7:12)

And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise. (Luke 6:31)

And, behold, a certain lawyer stood up, and tempted him, saying, Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? He said unto him, What is written in the law? how readest thou? And he answering said, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind; and thy neighbour as thyself. And he said unto him, Thou hast answered right: this do, and thou shalt live. (Luke 10:25-28)

Confucius

Never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself. analects xv. 24 (V.13, VI30)

Anusasana Parva, Section CXIII, Verse 8

One should never do that to another which one regards as injurious to one’s own self. This, in brief, is the rule of dharma. Other behavior is due to selfish desires. (Brihaspati, Mahabharata)

Muhammad

Hurt no one so that no one may hurt you. (The Farewell Sermon)

Jainism

Nothing which breathes, which exists, which lives, or which has essence or potential of life, should be destroyed or ruled over, or subjugated, or harmed, or denied of its essence or potential.

In support of this Truth, I ask you a question - "Is sorrow or pain desirable to you ?" If you say "yes it is", it would be a lie. If you say, "No, It is not" you will be expressing the truth. Just as sorrow or pain is not desirable to you, so it is to all which breathe, exist, live or have any essence of life. To you and all, it is undesirable, and painful, and repugnant (Acaranga Sutra)

Sikhism (Guru Granth Sahib)

Whom should I despise since the one lord made us all. (Var Sarang)

The truly enlightened ones are those who neither incite fear in others nor fear anyone themselves. (Slok)

Taoism

Regard your neighbor's gain as your own gain, and your neighbors loss as your own loss (T'ai Shang Kan Ying P'ien)

Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them. A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which results in people wanting to migrate. Different types of push factors can be seen further below. A push factor is a flaw or distress that drives a person away from a certain place. A pull factor is something concerning the country to which a person migrates. It is generally a benefit that attracts people to a certain place.

("a scattering [of seeds]") refers to the movement of any population sharing common ethnic identity who were either forced to leave or voluntarily left their settled territory, and became residents in areas often far remote from the former. It is converse to the nomadic culture, and more appropriately linked with the creation of a group of refugees. However, while refugees may or may not ultimately settle in a new geographic location, the term diaspora refers to a permanently displaced and relocated collective.

exodus, movement of the people