the sacred role of the jester: revealing the truth of the old ways by treating them as irreverently as the gods do, the jester treats nothing as sacred and so points out the sacredness of everything


Heyoka- contraries, often speaking and walking backwards. They acted in ridiculous, obscene, and comical ways, especially during sacred ceremonies. They were thought to be fearless and painless, and often dressed in a bizarre and ludicrous manner, wearing conical hats, red paint, a bladder over the head (to simulate baldness), and bark earrings. The heyoka's "anti-natural" nature was thought to be shamanistic in origin